These adaptations are reflected at the cellular level in the structure and organisation of their eye and retina ( Walls, 1942 de Busserolles et al., 2020 Cortesi et al., 2020). Owing to the broad range of habitats and light environments that they experience, marine fishes show great diversity in their visual adaptations. Vision is important to the behaviour and survival of most vertebrates ( Cronin et al., 2014). Thus, it is likely that both ecology and phylogeny contribute to the development of the holocentrid visual system. Although the ecological demands of the two subfamilies were similar throughout their lives, their visual systems differed after settlement, with Myripristinae showing more pronounced adaptation for scotopic vision than Holocentrinae. By adulthood, they had well-developed scotopic vision with a highly rod-dominated multibank retina comprising 5–17 rod banks and enhanced summation of rods onto the ganglion cell layer. At reef settlement, holocentrids showed greater adaptation for scotopic vision, with higher rod densities and higher summation of rods onto the ganglion cell layer. multiple rod layers), with up to two rod banks present. Pre-settlement larvae showed strong adaptation for photopic vision with high cone densities and had also started to develop a multibank retina (i.e. We examined 7 representative species spanning both subfamilies, Holocentrinae (squirrelfishes) and Myripristinae (soldierfishes). Therefore, we used a histological approach to examine visual development in the nocturnal coral reef fish family, Holocentridae. However, it is not fully understood how the visual systems of nocturnal reef fishes develop and adapt to these significant ecological shifts over their lives. Alongside this change in habitat, some species also change lifestyles and become nocturnal. Coral reef fishes start life in the shallow open ocean but inhabit the reef as juveniles and adults. Ontogenetic changes in the habitats and lifestyles of animals are often reflected in their visual systems.
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